A telepon is a telecommunications perangkat that permits two or more users to conduct a conversation when they are too far apart to be easily heard directly. A telepon converts sound, typically and most efficiently the human voice, into elektronik signals that are transmitted lewat cables and other communication kanals to another telepon which reproduces the sound to the receiving pemakai. The termin is derived from Greek: τῆλε (tēle, far) and φωνή (phōnē, voice), together meaning distant voice. A common short form of the termin is phone, which came into use early in the telepon's history.[1]
In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell was the first to be granted a United States patent for a perangkat that produced clearly intelligible replication of the human voice at a second perangkat.[2] This instrumen was further developed by many others, and became rapidly indispensable in business, government, and in households.
The essential elements of a telepon are a microphone (transmitter) to speak into and an headphone (receiver) which reproduces the voice at a distant location.[3] The receiver and transmitter are usually built into a handset which is held up to the ear and mouth during conversation. The transmitter converts the sound waves to electrical signals which are sent through the telecommunication sistim to the receiving telepon, which converts the signals into audible sound in the receiver or sometimes a loudspeaker. Telepons permit transmission in both directions bersama-samaeously.
Most telepons also contain an alerting spesifikasi, such as a ringer or a visual indicator, to announce an incoming telepon call. Telepon calls are initiated most commonly with a keypad or dial, affixed to the telepon, to enter a telepon number, which is the address of the call recipient's telepon in the telecommunication sistim, but other prosedurs existed in the early history of the telepon.
The first telepons were directly connected to each other from one customer's office or residence to another customer's location. Being impractical beyond just a few customers, these systems were quickly replaced by manually operated centrally located switchboards. These exchanges were soon connected together, evenually forming an automated, worldwide public switched telepon network. For greater mobility, various radio systems were developed for transmission between mobile stations on ships and automobiles in the mid-20th century. Hand-held smartphones were introduced for pribadi servis starting in 1973. In later decades, their analog cellular sistim evolved into digital networks with greater capability and lower cost.
